Abstract: We apply the innovations method to Viterbi decoding of convolutional codes. First, we calculate the covariance matrix of the innovation (i.e., the soft-decision input to the main decoder in ...

Abstract: Recently, direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation has been widely employed in wireless communication networks, electromagnetic (EM) environment management, and radar tracking. However, ...

Ever since the new labour codes were notified on November 21, 2025, many salaried employees have been worried that their take-home pay would shrink. Much of the anxiety came from the rule that basic ...

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Pre-training Large Language Models (LLMs) on high-quality, meticulously curated datasets is widely recognized as critical for enhancing their performance and generalization capabilities. This study ...